These qualities could be enhanced still further by using a coating material to create the outer shell of this nanostructured form through chemical passivation as a subsequent reduction process of the core. Researchers have found that the majority of NPs' physical characteristics are dependent on their nanostructured surfaces due to the characteristics of NPs that help increase the number of dangling bonds that affect their physicochemical properties. In recent years, a new type of hybrid NPs called "core–shell NPs" has been developed, consisting of two or more types of single nanomaterials 8. These unique and novel properties result from combining the characteristics of various materials and the effect of particle size reduction from macro to nanostructure, which leads to an increase in the surface-to-volume ratio, followed by a complete change in the physicochemical properties 5, 6, 7. ![]() Scientists and researchers have a great deal of interest in the hybridization of various elements at the nanoscale because of their unique physicochemical features, such as electrical, optical, catalytic, and thermal 4. Metal nanoparticles (NPs) have significant benefits in a variety of fields, including medicine, biosensing, biomedical sciences, cosmetics, food, and electronics 2, 3. Particles with a diameter of under 100 nm are known as nanoparticles. The prefix "Nano" stands for ten powers to minus nine powers, which is called a nanometer-scale 1. Nanoparticles are currently considered a powerful tool and the most effective area for research studies due to their unique properties that depend on their size. Finally, the PLAL is an easily scalable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of NPs, and the prepared core–shell NPs could be used in other biological applications such as drug delivery, cancer treatment, and further biomedical functionalization. ![]() Moreover, the use of a core–shell material will prevent the bacteria from nourishing themselves in the culture medium, among many other reasons. This behavior is primarily caused by the accumulation of NPs on the bacteria's surface, which results in cytotoxic bacteria and a relatively increased ZnO, resulting in cell death. The results indicate that the prepared NPs have excellent antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The characterization demonstrates the successful formation of core–shell nanoparticles, which have an average crystal size of 13.059 nm. This paper proposes a novel method for synthesizing core–shell nanoparticles using a hybrid technique. Given their versatile nature and wide range of possible applications, core–shell nanoparticles (NPs) have received considerable attention.
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